No fiscal impact. This is an informational report only.
BACKGROUND:
The Public Protection Committee (PPC) was established on January 8, 2008 to study criminal justice and public protection issues and formulate recommendations for consideration by the Board of Supervisors. During 2011, the PPC examined the following 15 issues:
1. Opportunities to Improve Coordination of Response to Disasters and Other Public Emergencies.
Approximately three weeks following the November 2007 Cosco Busan oil spill, the Sheriff’s Office of Emergency Services (OES) presented to the Board of Supervisors its assessment of the emergency response efforts, including what worked well and didn’t work well, and what lessons were learned through those experiences. At the conclusion of the Board discussion, Supervisor Gioia introduced five recommendations that were approved by the Board.
On February 5, 2008 the Board of Supervisors referred this matter to the PPC for continuing development and oversight. PPC received a status report from the Office of the Sheriff and Health Services Department in February 2009 and requested the Hazardous Materials Program Manager to report back to the PPC on the development of mutual aid agreements from local oil refineries.
Following a second briefing to the PPC by the Office of the Sheriff, the PPC reported out to the Board of Supervisors on May 6, 2009 with recommendations for follow-up by the Sheriff and Human Resources departments.
The Health Services Department made a report to the PPC on April 19, 2010 regarding the resources and connections available to respond to hazardous materials emergencies and, again, on October 18, 2010 regarding who determines which local official participates in incident command if an event is in Contra Costa County. On December 5, Health Services reported to our Committee regarding training and deployment of community volunteers. The PPC is reporting to the Board separately with recommendations on this matter today.
Recommendation: REFER to 2012 PPC
2. Improving Public Response During Emergencies Through Education. In January 2008, the Board of Supervisors referred to the PPC the matter of improving public response to emergency instructions and protocols through broader and better education, which had previously been on referral to the IOC. The Board suggested that the PPC work with the Office of the Sheriff, the Health Services Department, and the CAER (Community Awareness & Emergency Response) Program to determine what educational efforts are being made and what additional efforts may be undertaken to improve public response and safety during an emergency.
In April, the PPC met with CAER (Community Awareness Emergency Response) Executive Director Tony Semenza and staff from the Office of the Sheriff and Health Services to discuss what has been done to better inform the public and what more can be done to improve public response to emergency warnings. CAER provided a thorough report on its countywide community fairs, and programs targeted at the education system and non-English speaking populations. Our committee asked CAER to provide a written outreach strategy that describes how new homeowners are educated about emergency awareness. As the matter has not been brought back to the PPC since the April discussion, we recommend that this matter be referred to the 2009 PPC for follow-up.
Due to scheduling conflicts and the cancellation of the October-December PPC meetings, CAER was unable to make a follow-up report to the PPC in 2011.
Recommendation: COMBINE with Referral No. 1 and REFER to 2012 PPC
3. Welfare Fraud Investigation and Prosecution. In September 2006, the Employment and Human Services (EHS) Department updated the Internal Operations Committee (IOC) on its efforts to improve internal security and loss prevention activities. The IOC had requested the department to report back in nine months on any tools and procedures that have been developed and implemented to detect changes in income eligibility for welfare benefits.
The EHS Director made follow-up reports to IOC in May and October 2007, describing what policies, procedures, and practices are employed by the Department to ensure that public benefits are provided only to those who continue to meet income eligibility requirements, explaining the complaint and follow-through process, and providing statistical data for 2005/06, 2006/07, and for the first quarter of 2007/08.
Upon creation of the PPC in January 2008, this matter was reassigned from the IOC to the PPC. PPC has received status reports on this referral in October 2008, June and October 2010 and, most recently, in November 2011. The Committee has reviewed the transition of welfare fraud collections from the Office of Revenue Collection, which was disbanded last year, to the Employment and Human Services Department; the fraud caseload and percentage of fraud findings; fraud prosecutions and the number of convictions; and the amounts recovered.
The PPC is reporting its findings to the Board in a separate report today. As the PPC wishes to monitor performance of the welfare fraud program, it is recommended that this matter be retained on referral with a status report in one year.
Recommendation: REFER to 2012 PPC
4. Multi-Language Capability of the Telephone Emergency Notification System. This matter had been on referral to the IOC since 2000 and was reassigned to the PPC in January 2008. The PPC met with Sheriff and Health Services Department staff in March 2008 to receive an update on the County’s efforts to implement multilingual emergency telephone messaging. The Committee learned that the Federal Communications Commission has before it two rulemaking proceedings that may directly affect practices and technology for multilingual alerting and public notification. Additionally, the federally-funded Bay Area “Super Urban Area Safety Initiative” (SUASI) has selected a contractor undertake an assessment and develop a five-year strategic plan on notification of public emergencies, with an emphasis on special needs populations. The Sheriff’s Office of Emergency Services reported to the PPC in April 2009 that little has changed since the March 2008 report.
On October 18, 2010, the PPC received a report from the Sheriff’s Office of Emergency Services on the Community Warning and Telephone Emergency Notification systems, and on developments at the federal level that impact those systems and related technology. Sheriff staff concluded that multi-lingual public emergency messaging is too complex to be implemented at the local level and should be initiated at the state and federal levels. New federal protocols are now being established to provide the framework within which the technological industries and local agencies can work to develop these capabilities.
The Office of the Sheriff has advised staff that a recent conference on emergency notification systems unveiled nothing extraordinary in terms of language translation. The UASI project is just commencing and Sheriff staff are on the contact list for a workgroup that will be developing a gap analysis, needs assessment, and five-year strategic plan. This matter has been on committee referral for more than ten years and technology has yet to provide a feasible solution for multilingual public emergency messaging. Staff, therefore, recommends that this referral placed in a pending status until there is something new to report.
Recommendation: REFER to 2012 PPC but schedule only upon request of the Sheriff
5. Disproportionate Minority Contact. The Probation Department secured grant funding from the California Corrections Standards Authority to study factors leading to the over-representation of minority youth in the juvenile justice system relative to their numbers in the general population, to provide training and community outreach regarding Disproportionate Minority Contact (DMC), and to build integrated data systems that enable agencies to collaborate in monitoring the paths of minority youth through the juvenile justice system. The Board requested the County Probation Officer to provide an informational report to the PPC on the DMC initiative. The PPC received an orientation from the Probation Department in April 2008 and a status report April 2009 on the accomplishments of the Enhanced DMC Technical Assistance Project for 2008 and plan of activities for 2009, which was:
• To continuing its training efforts for staff with a mandatory eight-hour (8) class “Exploring other Cultures”;
• To develop, along with the District Attorney and Public Defender, a Management Information System (MIS) that will aid in the collection of DMC data;
• To develop a culturally competent assessment tool for the Juvenile Hall intake process;
• To develop criteria and protocol for diversion programs in three target areas;
• To work with stakeholders, community-based organizations, and other stakeholders to address DMC.
• To explore funding sources for the diversion programs through grants, foundation/endowment funding, and local and community business.
The County Probation Officer presented the final DMC report to the PPC on June 21, 2010 highlighting the accomplishments of the Enhanced DMC Technical Assistance Project and on the development of diversion and re-entry services in addition to probation and detention programs and services. The County has assisted the Richmond and Bay Point communities by providing seed money to community-based organizations to develop a referral process and diversion program curriculum. Once youths are referred to the programs, the Probation Department will track the participants to determine program completion and recidivism rates. The Board of Supervisors accepted the final DMC report on July 13, 2010 but requested a status report in one year’s time.
The County Probation Officer made a follow-up report to the PPC on August 1, 2011 and advised the Committee that the three-year grant had expired and efforts to secure continuing funding were unsuccessful. Moreover, Probation was required to make additional budgetary reductions this year in juvenile probation services in order the balance the budget and meet new mandates related to public safety realignment. Consequently, the staffing and program structure that delivered prevention and outreach services under the DMC program cannot be sustained going forward. However, the department remains committed to the principals of DMC and has not abandoned its goal to develop protocol and projects addressing this issue. The department continues to conduct staff training to promote awareness of DMC and will continue to seek new funding. The County Probation Officer reported that his office has aggressively and successfully worked to decrease the Juvenile Hall population.
Recommendation: TERMINATE referral.
6. County support and coordination of non-profit organization resources to provide prisoner re-entry services. On August 25, 2009, the Board of Supervisors referred to the PPC a presentation by the Urban Strategies Council on how the County might support and coordinate County and local non-profit organization resources to create a network of re-entry services for individuals who are leaving jail or prison and are re-integrating in local communities. On September 14, 2009, the PPC invited the Sheriff-Coroner, County Probation Officer, District Attorney, Public Defender, Health Services Director, and Employment and Human Services Director to hear a presentation by the Urban Strategies Council. The PPC encouraged County departments to participate convene a task force to work develop a network for prisoner re-entry services, which has been meeting independently from the PPC.
The PPC received a status report from County departments in April 2010. The Employment and Human Services department reported on its efforts to weave together a network of services, utilizing ARRA funding for the New Start Program and on the role of One-Stop Centers in finding jobs for state parolees. Probation reported on the impacts of the anticipated flood of state parolees into the county. The Sheriff reported on the costs for expanding local jail capacity and possible expanded use of GPS (global positioning systems) use in monitoring state parolees released back to our county. The Health Services Department reported on its Healthcare for the Homeless Program as a means to get parolees into the healthcare system and on its development of cross-divisional teams on anti-violence. The Public Defender reported on its Clean State Program.
Supervisors Glover and Gioia indicated that their staff would continue to coordinate this local initiative when the Urban Strategies Council exhausts its grant funding from the California Endowment. The PPC continued to monitor progress on the initiative and, on February 7, 2011, received a presentation of the completed strategic plan and recommendations. In response to public testimony at the PPC meeting regarding concerns over the "Ban the Box" element of the plan, the plan recommendations were modified to exclude from the "Ban the Box" requirement certain identified sensitive positions in public safety and children’s services or as determined by the agency.
On March 22, 2011, representatives from the Urban Strategies Council presented the completed Contra Costa County Re-entry Strategic Plan (100 pages), an Executive Summary (6 pages) of the plan, and a slide show to the Board of Supervisors, which approved the strategic plan and implementation recommendations with one modification: rather than adopt a 'Ban the Box' policy as recommended, which would have removed the question about criminal records from county employment applications during the initial application, the Board agreed to consider adopting such a policy at a future date. The Board directed the County Administrator to work with the offices of Supervisors Glover and Gioia to identify the resources needed to implement the strategic plan and to report back to the Board with his findings and recommendations.
Six months after the Board’s action in March, the State of California implemented public safety realignment, which encompasses re-entry, though without providing the County an adequate level of funding to fully implement our re-entry plan. As realignment and re-entry are intertwined, it is recommended that these matters be combined and referred to the 2012 PPC for continuing oversight.
Recommendation: COMBINE with public safety realignment Referral No. 15 and REFER to 2012 PPC
7. Mandatory spaying or neutering of Pit Bull-type dog breeds. On August 10, 2010, the Board of Supervisors referred to the Public Protection Committee (PPC) a proposal to enact an ordinance to require the spaying or neutering of pit bull-type dog breeds in the unincorporated area of Contra Costa County. The referral was prompted by concern over recent attacks by large, aggressive, and potentially dangerous dogs that were unlicensed and/or at large in neighborhoods and communities. The PPC took this matter up at its August 16, 2010 meeting and received a substantial amount of public testimony. The added concern over unlicensed dogs is that in the event of a dog bite, it is much more difficult to verify whether or not the dog was vaccinated, requiring the victim to undergo painful rabies shots.
The Committee requested the Animal Services Director to gather and report at a subsequent meeting statistics and other information on the number of impounded, adopted or euthanized dogs by breed, the number of dog bites before and after passage of the County’s dangerous dog ordinance passage of San Francisco’s ordinance, and the potential costs of a policy requiring spay/neutering of impounded dogs prior to allowing them to be reclaimed. The PPC received a follow-up report on November 30 and decided, rather than targeting specific dog breeds, to pursue the development of a policy that focuses on pet owners that do not comply with County regulations regarding dog licensing and control. The objectives of the policy were to gain greater compliance with relevant dog control laws and regulations, reduce over-population of companion dogs, reduce the euthanization of unclaimed/unwanted dogs, and increase public safety. Key elements of the policy were:
- Any unlicensed and unaltered dog at-large will be altered and microchipped before release;
- Any licensed and unaltered dog at-large (1st offense in 3 yrs) will be microchipped and released intact;
- Any licensed and unaltered dog at-large (2nd offense in 3 yrs) will be altered before release;
- Dogs that cannot be altered for a medical reason confirmed by a veterinarian would be released with a citation, providing two months to correct the infraction and a fine for failure to make the correction after two months
The Animal Services Director reported to the PPC in January regarding other counties that have similar policies, the amounts/ severity of their penalties for non-compliance, and the resources that would be required to implement such a policy in this county. As a result of these discussions and a significant amount of public testimony in support of voluntary spaying and neutering but against a mandatory spay/neuter program, the PPC, on May 10, 2011, recommended a change to County ordinance that attempted to address the need for better dog control and not penalize responsible pet owners who comply with dog control laws and regulations (specifically, County Code sections 416-6.002 and 416-4.4 and California Food and Agriculture Code section 31751.7). Ordinances 2011-08 and 09, which were adopted by the Board of Supervisors on May 17, 2011, do not contain a unilateral mandate for the spaying or neutering of all dogs owned by residents of the unincorporated area. Rather, they require the spaying or neutering of dogs only when owners fail to fulfill their responsibility of licensing, vaccinating, and controlling their pets.
The Committee also recommended a three-month public education period prior to implementing the ordinances. The Animal Services Department was asked to use this period to gear up for the program and to utilize the County Web Site, the Department Web Site, social media sites, monthly license mailers, and County newspapers to alert the public. During the three-month education period, violators were to be given warning notices and their dogs released intact.
Recommendation: TERMINATE referral.
8. Development of policy prohibiting the appointment of family members to public bodies for which the Board of Supervisors is the appointing authority. In July 2010, a vacancy occurred on the Byron-Brentwood-Knightsen Union Cemetery District (BBKUCD) Board of Trustees and, following recruitment, the spouse of a sitting County Supervisor applied for the seat. The Supervisor consequently recused herself from the process and, on September 14, 2010, the Board of Supervisors referred the matter to the PPC to discuss the issue of whether to develop a policy regarding the appointment of family members to boards and commissions and to consider the appointment process to fill the current BBKUCD Board vacancy.
The PPC considered the Board of Supervisors' referral at its regular meeting on October 18, 2010. The PPC received a substantial amount of written and oral public testimony on the spirit of the Maddy Act and in support of the various candidates. The PPC limited its discussion to the process to be used to fill the BBKUCD Board vacancy and the broader policy issue of permitting Supervisors' family members to serve on Board advisory bodies, committees, and commissions or other public bodies for which the Board of Supervisors is the appointing authority. There was consensus among the Committee members that Supervisors' family members should not be automatically barred from participating on Board advisory bodies, committees, and commissions, but that nominations for appointment should result from an "arms length" process whenever a Supervisor's family member is a candidate. The Committee determined that, in the case of the Trustee 3 seat on the BBKUCD Board of Trustees, the nomination process should be delegated to a panel made up of subject matter experts from outside of Contra Costa County. The PPC took this recommendation to the Board of Supervisors on October 26, 2010, and the Board directed the County Administrator's Office to convene a panel of three individuals made up of trustees or district managers from cemetery districts outside of Contra Costa County, to evaluate candidates and nominate an individual to the Board of Supervisors, within 30 days, for appointment to the Trustee 3 seat on the BBKUCD Board. The County Administrator's Office convened the interview panel on November 10 and, on November 23, submitted a recommendation for appointment, which was approved by the Board of Supervisors.
On November 30, staff suggested some options to the PPC for an impartial screening process for recruitments to public bodies for which the Board is the appointing authority, when a Supervisor’s family member is a candidate. The PPC decided it would, instead, work to develop a policy to prohibit the candidacy of a Supervisor’s family member to public bodies for which the Board is the appointing authority, and requested staff to return in January with suggested policy language and a definition for “family member”. Staff provided a draft policy to the PPC at a public meeting on January 24, 2011. The policy, as modified by the PPC, was adopted by the Board of Supervisors as Resolution No. 2011/55 on February 8, 2011, making family members of the Board of Supervisors ineligible for appointment to boards, committees or commissions for which the Board of Supervisors is the appointing authority.
Recommendation: TERMINATE referral.
9. Countywide 9-1-1 Wireless Capability. On December 14, 2010, the Board of Supervisors referred to the PPC the attached letter from the Emergency Medical Care Committee regarding the transmission of 9-1-1 emergency calls from cellular phones to the appropriate Public Safety Answering Point (PSAP). Our Committee met with representatives from the Office of the Sheriff on April 4 to discuss the status of establishing Sheriff's Dispatch as the PSAP for county unincorporated area wireless emergency calls.
Sheriff Department staff advised that the County is not accepting wireless 9-1-1 calls at this time. Staff explained that the GPS (global positioning system) technology exists to enable Sheriff's Dispatch to receive 9-1-1 system emergency calls from cellular phones and to locate the emergency location within some degree of precision. However, due to several years of tight budgets, Sheriff's Dispatch is not currently staffed at a level that is adequate to respond to the call volume associated with the wireless 9-1-1 calls, which are currently routed to the appropriate PSAP by the California Highway Patrol (CHP).
While our committee believes that transferring responsibility for handling wireless 9-1-1 calls from the CHP to Sheriff's Dispatch would be more efficient and would improve response time, it is unlikely that the County will be in a position, fiscally, to assume this responsibility in the next year. The PPC reported on April 12, 2011 to the Board of Supervisors, requested the Office of the Sheriff to provide a status report to the PPC in the spring of 2012 to advise if any outside funding becomes available to support such a transition of responsibility.
Recommendation: REFER to 2012 PPC
10. Brownfield identification and clean-up. On January 25, 2011, the Board of Supervisors referred to the PPC the report and recommendations from the Hazardous Materials Commission on the identification and clean-up of brownfields (industrially contaminated land parcels) in Contra Costa County.
The Environmental Health Director and the Hazardous Materials Ombudsman presented the Commission's recommendations to the PPC at its April 4, 2011 meeting and the PPC approved the Commission's recommendation with one minor modification. On April 12, 2011, the Board of Supervisors approved the modified recommendations and also authorized a letter that was sent to the CA Dept of Toxic Substances Control regarding the communication of due dates for monitoring reports and five-year site reviews.
Recommendation: TERMINATE referral.
11. Request from Contra Costa County Fire Protection District (CCCFPD) Chief for dedicated Board of Directors meetings. On July 11, 2011, CCCFPD Chief Louder emailed Supervisor Uilkema to outline the myriad challenges facing the District and to seek guidance as to the best forum to communicate these issues to the District Board of Directors. Supervisor Uilkema asked the Board of Supervisors to refer this matter to the Public Protection Committee for examination.
The PPC considered this matter on August 1. The Fire Chief reported on mutual aid agreements, the difficulty in filling vacant positions, the District’s financial position and forecast, and the recommended frequency of future reports. The PPC requested the County Administrator to schedule a meeting of the CCCFPD Board of Directors for October 4, at which the Board would determine if and how frequently it would meet to discuss District matters. On October 4, the Board of Directors determined that it would meet bi-monthly and requested the County Administrator to schedule a meeting in December and then bi-monthly thereafter.
Recommendation: TERMINATE referral.
12. Daytime curfew ordinance. This matter was referred to the PPC on May 12, 2011 at the request of the District Attorney, who suggested under Public Comment at the April 4 PPC meeting that the Committee consider enacting a daytime curfew ordinance to reduce truancy.
PPC received an in-depth report on May 2 and decided to pursue an ordinance for a daytime curfew for minors. Within two months of the May 2 PPC meeting, the City of Concord enacted a daytime curfew ordinance, which was proposed to the PPC by the District Attorney on November 7 as a model for a county unincorporated area ordinance.
The proposed ordinance attempts to discourage truancy and penalize minors who violate the curfew and parents who knowingly allow their children to violate the curfew, through a series of escalating penalties ranging from a warning to $500 fines. Our Committee has made a separate status report to the Board today and recommends retaining this matter on referral.
Recommendation: REFER to 2012 PPC
13. Civil gang injunctions. This matter was referred to the PPC on May 12, 2011 at the request of the District Attorney, who suggested under Public Comment at the April 4 PPC meeting that the Committee consider the use of gang injunctions to help prevent gang violence. The District Attorney has advised committee staff that he is currently focusing on implementing a Ceasefire Program with Richmond Police Department and has requested that this referral be postponed until further notice.
Recommendation: RETAIN on referral but schedule only upon the request of the District Attorney
14. BayRICS Membership. The Bay Area Regional Interoperable Communication System (BayRICS) is the next phase of linking public safety interoperability systems. BayRICS is composed of the 10 Bay Area counties and several cities. The BayRICS participants recently formed a Joint Powers Authority (JPA) to address the challenges of sustaining and managing shared interoperability assets and enhancing the effectiveness of public safety communications systems. The BayRICS Authority (Authority) will oversee and implement the next phase of the strategic plan to create a technologically advanced voice and data interoperability system throughout the Bay Area region.
On June 28, 2011, the PPC recommended and the Board of Supervisors approved County membership in the Authority, with an annual membership fee of $24,500. On July 26, the Board appointed its representatives to the BayRICS Authority. Membership in the BayRICS Authority will provide representation for the County to ensure that the UASI (Urban Area Security Initiative) funding allocation for Contra Costa County is commensurate with other counties or regional groups. As a member of the BayRICS Authority, Contra Costa County will continue to develop and implement mission-critical interoperable communications for public safety.
Recommendation: TERMINATE referral.
15. Public Safety Realignment. The California Legislature passed the Public Safety Realignment Act (Assembly Bills 109), which transfers responsibility for supervising specific low-level inmates and parolees from the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR) to counties. Assembly Bill 109 (AB 109) takes effect October 1, 2011 and realigns three major areas of the criminal justice system. On a prospective basis, the legislation:
- Transfers the location of incarceration for lower-level offenders (specified non-violent, non-serious, non-sex offenders) from state prison to local county jail and provides for an expanded role for post-release supervision for these offenders;
- Transfers responsibility for post-release supervision of lower-level offenders (those released from prison after having served a sentence for a non-violent, non-serious, and non-sex offense) from the state to the county level by creating a new category of supervision called Post-Release Community Supervision (PRCS);
- Transfers the housing responsibility for parole and PRCS revocations to local jail custody
AB 109 also tasked the local Community Corrections Partnership (CCP) with recommending to the County Board of Supervisors a plan for implementing the criminal justice realignment, which shall be deemed accepted by the Board unless rejected by a 4/5th vote. The Executive Committee of the CCP is composed of the County Probation Officer (Chair), Sheriff-Coroner, a Chief of Police (represented by the Richmond Police Chief), District Attorney, Public Defender, Presiding Judge of the Superior Court or designee, and Health Director as agreed by the County Administrative Officer.
On October 4, 2011, the Board of Supervisors approved the CCP Realignment Implementation Plan and the CCP Executive Committee has been meeting monthly to monitor the plan and state revenue distributions, and formulate recommendations, if necessary, for plan adjustments.
Our Committee has provided a brief status update in a separate report to the Board today. As public safety realignment is a work in progress and at the very early stages of implementation, it is recommended that this matter be referred to the 2012 PPC for continuing oversight. As realignment encompasses and overlaps prisoner re-entry services (see Referral No. 6), it is recommended that the re-entry referral be merged within realignment as one referral.
Recommendation: Combine with Re-entry Referral No. 6 and REFER to 2012 PPC.
LIST OF REFERRALS TO BE TERMINATED
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11/05
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Disproportionate Minority Contact in County Juvenile Justice System
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11/07
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Mandatory spaying/neutering of impounded dogs prior to release to owner
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11/08
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Development of policy prohibiting the appointment of family members to public bodies for which the Board of Supervisors is the appointing authority
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11/10
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Brownfield identification and clean-up, HazMat Commission recommendations
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11/11
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CCCFPD special board meeting request
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11/14
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BayRICS Membership Agreement
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LIST OF ITEMS TO BE REFERRED TO THE
2012 PUBLIC PROTECTION COMMITTEE
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11/01
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Opportunities to improve coordination of response to disasters and other public emergencies (Cosco Busan)
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11/02
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Improving public response to emergencies through education – COMBINE with 11/01
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11/03
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Welfare fraud investigation and prosecution
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11/04
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Multilingual capabilities of the telephone emergency notification system
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11/06
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County support and coordination of non-profit organization resources to provide prisoner re-entry services – COMBINE with 11/15
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11/09
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Directing 9-1-1 emergency calls to the appropriate Public Safety Answering Point, letter from Emergency Medical Care Committee
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11/12
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Daytime curfew ordinance
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11/13
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Civil gang injunctions
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11/15
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Update on Public Safety Realignment - Prisons
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CONSEQUENCE OF NEGATIVE ACTION:
CHILDREN'S IMPACT STATEMENT:
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